ABSTRACT
Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in elderly patients over 80 years old with biliary-pancreatic diseases. Methods One hundred and twenty patients over 80 years old who underwent ERCP between January 2004 and April 2008 were retrospectively analyzed. The clinical efficacy, safety and complication were observed and followed up. Results One hundred and seventeen patients successfully underwent therapeutic ERCP and the success rate was 97.5%. All diseases of the patients included cholangiocarcinoma in 22 cases, duodenal papilla carcinoma in 3 cases, pancreatic carcinoma in 8 cases, acute pancreatitis in 15 cases, chronic pancreatitis in 5 cases, acute suppurative cholangitis in 9 cases and choledocholithiasis in 58 cases. During the procedure of ERCP, 3 cases failed to insert the duodenoscope, 3 cases were found hemobilia and 2 cases were found acute pancreatitis. Conclusions Therapeutic ERCP is effective and safe in elderly patients over 80 years. Age is not the contraindication of therapeutic ERCP.
ABSTRACT
As a public product,contraceptives are freely provided to eligible people by the Chinese government to guarantee the implementation of the family planning policy,the realization of coordinated development of population and economy,and the benefit of descendants,which conforms to ethical principles.In recent years this free public service,delivered in high-quality and through informed consent,has ethically embodied the respect for human rights and concern for reproductive health of the people.However,in the process of free contraceptive supply,some ethical problems still exist.To begin with,the lack of knowledge and skills in conducting informed consent has placed both service providers and eligible people into a dilemma.Besides,the majority of unmarried,single and divorced have been unfairly excluded from free contraceptives and services.Thirdly,the contraceptive management system and some department responsibilities have been contrary to each other.The author suggests it is necessary to define more clearly the nature of management structure,refine the current contraceptive supply policy,reform the management mechanism and standardize the practice of informed consent in an effort to improve the current contraceptive supply service.